adverbs in japanese
adverb:
- a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. (e.g., gently, quite, then, there ).
http://guidetojapanese.org/learn/complete/adverbs
A very important grammatical point is hidden away in point 5 of [MN 44]: turning adjectives into adverbs:
い-adj(~い)→(~く)
な-adj(~な)→(~に)
notes:
Unlike [adjective + ly] in English where sometimes it isn't grammatically correct to apply the rule (e.g. when Trump says: Big+ly incorrectly) it is always grammatically correct to apply the above rules, but they may not make sense or be natural.
Nuances/special cases:
1. MN19 [なります] becomes/changes into a state。
eg., 寒くなった (It became cold)
2. MN44 point 3 [します] somebody turns something into a state。
eg., 音を大きくしました (I turned up the volume)
List of adverbs:
- いつも – always
- よく – often
- たいてい – usually
- 時々 【ときどき】 – sometimes
- たまに – rarely
- 全然 【ぜんぜん】 – not at all (when used with negative)
- 多分 【たぶん】 – probably, maybe
- たくさん – a lot (amount)
- 少し 【すこし】 – a little (amount)
- かなり ー fairly, considerably, quite
- 絶対に【ぜったいに】ー absolutely, unconditionally (used with positive and negative)
- 必ず 【かならず】ー always, without exception, necessarily, certainly, without fail, positively, invariably (only used with positive) https://www.arc.ac.jp/Tokyo/en/mimi-bunpou002/
- あまり ー not very, not much (when used with negative)
- なかなか ー very; quite; pretty; rather (a little less than とても)
- とても ー very, exceedingly.
- 若しかしたら 【もしかしたら】ー perhaps, maybe, perchance (this adverb is used with ~かも しれません in most cases)
- きっと ー surely
- 確かに【たしかに】 ー of course!, surely, certainly ~ (difference to きっと)
- やっぱり ー at last!, after all, as expected.
- ほとんど ー mostly
- どんどん - progress little by little (faster than だんだん), fast progress
- だんだん ー progress gradually, slow progress
- ますます- more progress, an increase or decrease of something
- 随分【ずいぶん】ー very, extremely, surprisingly, considerably (interchangeable with とても)
- 非常に【ひじょうに】ー very, extremely, exceedingly
- 全て【すべて】-all, the whole, entirely, in general, wholly,overall (cf 全部)
- ちゃんと - properly
- ちっとも-not at all (used with negatives, ちっともかまいません I don't mind at all)
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